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英语论文开题报告范例 一、论文题目：Classroom Interaction And Oral English Teaching
二、研究现状：
对于课堂互动与英语口语教学之间的关系，国内的研究主要集中在：
(1)构建主义模式 它是以构建主义理论为基础的互动模式，司洪海在《构建主义理论与英语口语教学》中从对现有教学模式的反思入手，探讨将构建主义引入英语课堂教学的必要性、可行性及其意义和作用。卢艳春和路雅琴在《构建主义与大学英语口语课堂教学》中则分别从构建知识观构建学习观构建教学观入手，强调以学生为中心的主动性、构建性。
(2)角色扮演模式 徐志敏、王瑛在《大学英语课堂互动教学中角色扮演探究》中着重探讨了在角色扮演的互动教学中教师的作用，对指导教学实践具有重要的意义。而黄玉兰在《角色扮演引入英语专业口语教学中》从角色扮演是多为互动英语口语教学模式的应用探讨了角色扮演这一教学方法的目的、步骤和利弊等方面。
(3)以学生为中心模式 这一模式被单独研究的较少，黄影秋在《以学生为中心提高英语口语课堂教学效果的探索中》通过对学生口语课堂学习存在的问题的分析，提倡以学生为中心，实现教与学的双边互动。并提出阐述如何运用其他教学策略提高口语的教学效果，促进学生交际能力的提高。而刘蓉在《谈英语口语课堂互动》中则提出了互动可以创造以学生为中心的口语课堂和整体小组作业模式，提高口语交际能力。
(4)合作性学习模式 这种模式的研究较为普遍和盛行，它兴起于美国，在后来取得实质性的进展的一种教学理论与策略。黄艳在《合作性学习在大学英语课堂的应用》中提出了以下几种合作模式，从而的出该模式的优势所在。顾晓乐在《合作性学习与情景剧表演》中从情剧表演的角度来证明合作性学习的有效性。肖巧玲在《大学英语口语教学中的合作学习》中则通过合作学习在口语教学中的实践探究合作学习应注意的原则。而慕东文在《合作性学习的特点、目标、内容和实践策略》一文中，他用人文精神和平等民主合作原则，对待新的理念，指导英语口语教学。
(5)情景设置模式 它主要是根据Gillian Brown George Yuled的语言情景对第二语言习得者的交际紧张、焦虑的研究表明口语情景设置不适当，会影响学生用目标语进行交流，进而强调进行口语教学情景设置的重要性。张舍茹、孙边旗在《英语口语教学的情景设置》中就论述我们应注意情景互动教学中应遵循的原则，及如何设置英语口语教学中情景设置的形式两个小方面局部性的探讨了情景设置这种互动模式。孙久荣在《论英语口语课的情景教学》中对情景设置这个模式从宏观上进行了分类，进而得出开放式情景和封闭式情景，为情景设置互动模式研究开辟了一个小领域。
三、研究的目的及意义：
通过对目前已经发展起来并比较成熟的几种互动模式的归纳来看：关于人际互动这种互动模式在目前的互动性研究中被单独研究还比较少，没有被当作一种独立的模式应用到英语口语课堂教学中，它更多的是被贯穿到其他几种互动模式当中。因此，本论题认为它还有进一步研究的空间。
四、研究的理论依据和研究方法：
本论题将以教育心理学的理论为基础，以互动理论和构建主义理论为依据，运用归纳总结的方法对已有的研究进行宏观上的概述，从而引出本文论题，通过例证分析、验证人际互动模式对课堂英语口语教学效果的提高所具有的重要意义。
五、提纲：
Introduction
Chapter One Definition and Theoretical Basis of Interaction
1.1 Definition of Interaction
1.2 Theoretical Basis of Interaction
1.3 Some Main Interactive Modes in the Present Classroom
Chapter Two The Necessity And The Principles of Following InteractionTeaching Mode
2.1 The Disadvantage of Traditional Oral English Teaching Mode
2.2 The Necessity and Merit of Taking InteractionTeaching Mode
2.3 Oral English InteractionTeaching Mode Should Follow the Principles
Chapter Three Personal Interaction in the Oral English Teaching
3.1 The Relationship Between the Teacher and Students
3.2 Two Types of Personal Interaction
3.3 Classroom Climate
3.4 Classroom Size
Chapter Four The Evaluation of the Interactive Oral English Teaching Mode
4.1 Some Principles Should Follow When Evaluating
4.2 The Concept of Evaluating
4.3 The Technology of Evaluating
Conclusion
六、参考文献
Jonssen, DHThinking Technology: Toward a Constructivist Design Model .Educational Technolgy. 3 (1994)： 3435.
Littlewood, William. Communicative Language Teaching .Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .1981.
卢艳春， 路雅琴。构建主义与大学英语口语教学。 前沿杂志。 11 (2006)：98100.
司洪海。构建主义理论与英语口语教学。 基础英语教育。 4 (2005)：89.
吴蕾。构建主义在英语口语教学中的应用。() 东华大学学报(社科版)。7 (2007)：2324.
范雄飞， 黄玉兰。把角色扮演引入英语专业口语教学之中。读与写杂志。 9 (2006)：3537.
徐志敏， 王瑛。大学英语课堂互动教学中角色扮演探究。 外语研究。 8 (2006)：5657.
黄影秋。以学生为中心提高英语口语课堂效果。 济南职业学院学报。 3 (2007)： 8188.
何亚娟。中学英语课堂互动教学的探索与实践。 渭南师院学报。 12 (2004)： 7273.
顾晓乐， 黄芙蓉。合作学习与情景剧表演。 国外外语教学。 2 (2004)：5556.
黄艳。合作性学习在大学英语课堂的应用。 长沙大学学报。 10 (2007)：145146.
慕东文。合作性学习的特点、目标、内容和实践策略。 甘肃农业。 6 (2006)：304305.
1 introduction
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
since early 20th century， translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on， schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).
dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore， translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison， and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation， description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice， from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies， brainstorming and the revision， to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data， some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function， process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
in this regard， my observations are limited to several aspects， i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.
2 outline
2.1 development and major concepts of dts
in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function， process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation， multiple translation， translationese， norm etc.
2.2 methodolgy
i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
2.3 dts in contrast to other theories
a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.4 case study
in this part， translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.5 conclusion
based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study， possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(note: while the topic will remain the same， the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
0000
- 引文范例(仅供参考)
“it is therefore pointless to try to make tc more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. translating is a mental， multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(wilss， 1982: 217)
‘“噢，这就是恐水病吧？你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦？真够呛的！费芬斯小姐，您喝点茶大概没关系吧！”’（张南峰，1990：59-60）
附录3- 参考文献范例(仅供参考)
wilss， wolfram. the science of translation – problems and methods. gunter narr verlag tubingen，1982.
newmark， peter. a textbook of translation. new york: prentice hall， 1988.
delabastita， dirk. translating puns: a false opposition in translation studies. target， 1991(3:2):137-152.
专 业： 研究方向： 作 者： 导 师： 写作时间： —
对外经济贸易大学英语学院
（英文）school of international studiesuniversity of international business and economics
pragmatic strategies in advertising: implicatures
wang ying
二、研究现状：
对于课堂互动与英语口语教学之间的关系，国内的研究主要集中在：(1)构建主义模式 它是以构建主义理论为基础的互动模式，司洪海在《构建主义理论与英语口语教学》中从对现有教学模式的“反思”入手，探讨将构建主义引入英语课堂教学的必要性、可行性及其意义和作用。卢艳春和路雅琴在《构建主义与大学英语口语课堂教学》中则分别“从构建知识观”“构建学习观”“构建教学观”入手，强调以学生为中心的主动性、构建性。(2)角色扮演模式 徐志敏、王瑛在《大学英语课堂互动教学中角色扮演探究》中着重探讨了在角色扮演的互动教学中教师的作用，对指导教学实践具有重要的意义。而黄玉兰在《角色扮演引入英语专业口语教学中》从角色扮演是“多为互动英语口语教学模式的应用”探讨了角色扮演这一教学方法的目的、步骤和利弊等方面。(3)以学生为中心模式 这一模式被单独研究的较少，黄影秋在《以学生为中心提高英语口语课堂教学效果的探索中》通过对学生口语课堂学习存在的问题的分析，提倡“以学生为中心”，实现教与学的“双边互动”。并提出阐述如何运用其他“教学策略提高口语的教学效果”，促进学生交际能力的提高。而刘蓉在《谈英语口语课堂互动》中则提出了互动可以创造“以学生为中心的口语课堂和整体小组作业模式”，提高口语交际能力。(4)合作性学习模式 这种模式的研究较为普遍和盛行，它兴起于美国，在后来取得实质性的进展的一种教学理论与策略。黄艳在《合作性学习在大学英语课堂的应用》中提出了以下几种合作模式，从而的出该模式的优势所在。顾晓乐在《合作性学习与情景剧表演》中从情剧表演的角度来证明合作性学习的有效性。肖巧玲在《大学英语口语教学中的合作学习》中则通过合作学习在口语教学中的实践探究合作学习应注意的原则。而慕东文在《合作性学习的特点、目标、内容和实践策略》一文中，他用“人文精神和平等民主合作”原则，对待新的理念，指导英语口语教学。(5)情景设置模式 它主要是根据gillian brown & george yuled的语言情景对第二语言习得者的交际紧张、焦虑的研究表明口语情景设置不适当，会影响学生用目标语进行交流，进而强调进行口语教学情景设置的重要性。张舍茹、孙边旗在《英语口语教学的情景设置>>中就论述我们应注意“情景互动教学中应遵循的原则”，及如何设置“英语口语教学中情景设置的形式”两个小方面局部性的探讨了情景设置这种互动模式。孙久荣在《论英语口语课的情景教学》中对情景设置这个模式从宏观上进行了分类，进而得出“开放式情景”和“封闭式情景”，为情景设置互动模式研究开辟了一个小领域。
三、研究的目的及意义：
通过对目前已经发展起来并比较成熟的几种互动模式的归纳来看：关于人际互动这种互动模式在目前的互动性研究中被单独研究还比较少，没有被当作一种独立的模式应用到英语口语课堂教学中，它更多的是被贯穿到其他几种互动模式当中。因此，本论题认为它还有进一步研究的空间。
四、研究的理论依据和研究方法：
本论题将以教育心理学的理论为基础，以互动理论和构建主义理论为依据，运用归纳总结的方法对已有的研究进行宏观上的概述，从而引出本文论题，通过例证分析、验证人际互动模式对课堂英语口语教学效果的提高所具有的重要意义。
五、提纲：
introduction
chapter one definition and theoretical basis of interaction
1.1 definition of interaction
1.2 theoretical basis of interaction
1.3 some main interactive modes in the present classroom
一、论文题目：classroominteractionandoralenglishteaching
二、研究现状：
对于课堂互动与英语口语教学之间的关系，国内的研究主要集中在：(1)构建主义模式它是以构建主义理论为基础的互动模式，司洪海在《构建主义理论与英语口语教学》中从对现有教学模式的“反思”入手，探讨将构建主义引入英语课堂教学的必要性、可行性及其意义和作用。卢艳春和路雅琴在《构建主义与大学英语口语课堂教学》中则分别“从构建知识观”“构建学习观”“构建教学观”入手，强调以学生为中心的主动性、构建性。(2)角色扮演模式徐志敏、王瑛在《大学英语课堂互动教学中角色扮演探究》中着重探讨了在角色扮演的互动教学中教师的作用，对指导教学实践具有重要的意义。而黄玉兰在《角色扮演引入英语专业口语教学中》从角色扮演是“多为互动英语口语教学模式的应用”探讨了角色扮演这一教学方法的目的、步骤和利弊等方面。(3)以学生为中心模式这一模式被单独研究的较少，黄影秋在《以学生为中心提高英语口语课堂教学效果的探索中》通过对学生口语课堂学习存在的问题的分析，提倡“以学生为中心”，实现教与学的“双边互动”。并提出阐述如何运用其他“教学策略提高口语的教学效果”，促进学生交际能力的提高。而刘蓉在《谈英语口语课堂互动》中则提出了互动可以创造“以学生为中心的口语课堂和整体小组作业模式”，提高口语交际能力。(4)合作性学习模式这种模式的研究较为普遍和盛行，它兴起于美国，在后来取得实质性的进展的一种教学理论与策略。黄艳在《合作性学习在大学英语课堂的应用》中提出了以下几种合作模式，从而的出该模式的优势所在。顾晓乐在《合作性学习与情景剧表演》中从情剧表演的角度来证明合作性学习的有效性。肖巧玲在《大学英语口语教学中的合作学习》中则通过合作学习在口语教学中的实践探究合作学习应注意的原则。而慕东文在《合作性学习的特点、目标、内容和实践策略》一文中，他用“人文精神和平等民主合作”原则，对待新的理念，指导英语口语教学。(5)情景设置模式它主要是根据gillianbrown&georgeyuled的语言情景对第二语言习得者的交际紧张、焦虑的研究表明口语情景设置不适当，会影响学生用目标语进行交流，进而强调进行口语教学情景设置的重要性。张舍茹、孙边旗在《英语口语教学的情景设置>>中就论述我们应注意“情景互动教学中应遵循的原则”，及如何设置“英语口语教学中情景设置的形式”两个小方面局部性的探讨了情景设置这种互动模式。孙久荣在《论英语口语课的情景教学》中对情景设置这个模式从宏观上进行了分类，进而得出“开放式情景”和“封闭式情景”，为情景设置互动模式研究开辟了一个小领域。
三、研究的目的及意义：
通过对目前已经发展起来并比较成熟的几种互动模式的归纳来看：关于人际互动这种互动模式在目前的互动性研究中被单独研究还比较少，没有被当作一种独立的模式应用到英语口语课堂教学中，它更多的是被贯穿到其他几种互动模式当中。因此，本论题认为它还有进一步研究的空间。
四、研究的理论依据和研究方法：
本论题将以教育心理学的理论为基础，以互动理论和构建主义理论为依据，运用归纳总结的方法对已有的研究进行宏观上的概述，从而引出本文论题，通过例证分析、验证人际互动模式对课堂英语口语教学效果的提高所具有的重要意义。
五、提纲：
introduction
chapteronedefinitionandtheoreticalbasisofinteraction
1.1definitionofinteraction
1.2theoreticalbasisofinteraction
1.3somemaininteractivemodesinthepresentclassroom
chaptertwothenecessityandtheprinciplesoffollowinginteraction-teachingmode
2.1thedisadvantageoftraditionaloralenglishteachingmode
2.2thenecessityandmeritoftakinginteraction-teachingmode
2.3oralenglishinteraction-teachingmodeshouldfollowtheprinciples
chapterthreepersonalinteractionintheoralenglishteaching
3.1therelationshipbetweentheteacherandstudents
3.2twotypesofpersonalinteraction
3.3classroomclimate
3.4classroomsize
chapterfourtheevaluationoftheinteractiveoralenglishteachingmode
4.1someprinciplesshouldfollowwhenevaluating
4.2theconceptofevaluating
4.3thetechnologyofevaluating
conclusion
六、参考文献
jonssen，dh..thinkingtechnology：towardaconstructivistdesignmodel[j].educationaltechnolgy.3(1994)：34-35.
littlewood，william.communicativelanguageteaching[m].cambridge：cambridgeuniversitypress.1981.
卢艳春，路雅琴.“构建主义与大学英语口语教学.”前沿杂志.11(XX)：98-100.
司洪海.“构建主义理论与英语口语教学.”基础英语教育.4(XX)：8-9.
吴蕾.“构建主义在英语口语教学中的应用.”东华大学学报(社科版).7(XX年)：23-24.
范雄飞，黄玉兰.“把角色扮演引入英语专业口语教学之中.”读与写杂志.9(XX)：35-37.
徐志敏，王瑛.“大学英语课堂互动教学中角色扮演探究.”外语研究.8(XX)：56-57.
黄影秋.“以学生为中心提高英语口语课堂效果.”济南职业学院学报.3(XX年)：81-88.
何亚娟.“中学英语课堂互动教学的探索与实践.”渭南师院学报.12(XX)：72-73.
顾晓乐，黄芙蓉.“合作学习与情景剧表演.”国外外语教学.2(XX)：55-56.
黄艳.“合作性学习在大学英语课堂的应用.”长沙大学学报.10(XX年)：145-146.
慕东文.“合作性学习的特点、目标、内容和实践策略.”甘肃农业.6(XX)：304-305.
汉口学院本科毕业论文（设计）开题报告表
院（系）名称专业名称年级
外国语学院英2009肖静语级静
学生姓名学号
2009932125刘丽
指导教师姓名
填表时间：
2012年12月24日
拟选题目选题依据及研究意义TheScarletLetterisan1850romanticworkoffictioninahistoricalsetting，writtenbyNathanielHawthorne.Itisconsideredtobehismagnumopus.Setin17th-centuryPuritanBoston，Massachusettsduringtheyears1642to1649，ittellsthestoryofHesterPrynne，whoconceivesadaughterthroughanadulterousaffairandstrugglestocreateanewlifeofrepentanceanddignity.Throughoutthebook，Hawthorneexploresthemesoflegalism，sin，andguilt.Hawthorneisafamousromanticnovelistofthe19thcentury，hewasadeptatusingromanticimagination，symbolism，aplentyofmoralsubjectivecolorandPsychologicalanalysistoexploretheinnerworldofthecharactersandpresentthetheme.InhismasterpieceTheScarletLetter，Hawthornemakesfulladvantagesofthoselanguageskills.Mostimportantly，symbolismisthroughoutthewholenovelandhasvarietiesmeaning.So，Hawthorneisregardedasapioneerofthemodernsymbolismliterary.ThisthesisbrieflyfocusesonanalyzingthosesymbolismsinTheScarletLetter.Symbolismisakindofspeechwhichdependsontheinnerlinkoftwothings，usessomespecificimagestopresentabstractconcepts，thoughtsandemotions.Symbolismplaysaveryimportantroleinliterarywriting.Itbringsaloftysignificancetothearticleandmakesthearticlehaveasubtleandprofoundtheme.ThisthesisconcentratesontheapplicationofsymbolisminTheScarletLetter，whichisregardedasthemajorwritingcharacteristicinthenovel.Wecanfindsymbolisminthechangemeaningof“A”，inthesymbolofthenameofthecharacters，inthemeaningofthescenes.Itisnodoubtthatonlybyanalyzingthosesymbolismindetail，canwehaveaoverallsenseofthethemeandgetabetterunderstandingofsymbolism.
SymbolisminTheScarletLetter
选题的研究现状TheScarletLetteristhefirstnovelofHawthorne，afterthebookadventin1850，Hawthornebecamefameandrecognizedasthemostimportantwriteratthattime.Further，Hawthornecalledhis“romance”as“psychologicalromance”，thisisenoughshowsthatHawthornehadpaidmuchattentiontopsychologicaldescription，thereasonwhyheattachmuchimportancetopsychologicaldescriptionisthat：ononehand，hewasaffectedbythetimesandreligious，confusedwiththespiritandthesoul，hethoughtsincethesoulhavegoodandevil，loveandhate，andhavesins，theyareshouldberevealedsoastopunishingevilandpromotingvirtue，awardingloveandsuppressinghate.Butontheotherhand，people’spsychologicaldependonpeople’sbehavior，ifwenotanalyzethecharacter’spsychologicalwecannotunderstandtheinnerofthecharacter，wewillinevitablyseemedsuperficial.Forreaderswhoareaccustomedtoreadingourtraditionaltechniquestodrawcharacters，theymayfeelThestoryrhythmistooslow，butheistheoriginatoroftheAmericanpsychologicalnovels.Aftersomanyyears，thebookalwaysunderworship，thecriticsneverstoppedconcerningaboutthisnovel.TheScarletLetterisnowrecognizedasanimmortalmasterpieces，Hawthornealsoreceivedahighrating.TheScarletLetterisan1850romanticworkoffictioninahistoricalsetting，writtenbyNathanielHawthorne.Itisconsideredtobehismagnumopus.Setin17th-centuryPuritanBoston，Massachusettsduringtheyears1642to1649，ittellsthestoryofHesterPrynne，whoconceivesadaughterthroughanadulterousaffairandstrugglestocreateanewlifeofrepentanceanddignity.Throughoutthebook，Hawthorneexploresthemesoflegalism，sin，andguilt.Indomestic，manyscholarshavedeeplyresearchedTheScarletLetter，someanalyzedit’sthemefromtheperspectiveofthesocietybackgroundandstoryStructure，somefocustheirresearchonhowwomenpursuingmarriageandamourunderthatsocietysetting，somescholarspayattentiontothesymbolismusedinthenovel，but，amajorityofscholarsputmainenergyonanalyzingthepsychology，character，imageoftheheroandheroininTheScarletLetter，byanalyzingthehumanityofthethreemaincharacters，wecanunderstandtheabominableinfluenceonhumanityresultedfromPuritanism.Inourcountry，therearemanyworksaboutresearchingthescarletletter.Forexample，Hawthorne’sfeministthoughtreflectedonHesterPrynnewrittenbyChengShuHua.PaltielguliIsaac’sworkfromChinesefeministliterarycriticismperspectiveviewHesterPrynne’simagein
TheScarletLetter.ForeignscholarshavealongerhistoryinresearchingHawthorne，intheearly1836，ParkerBenjaminpublishedthefirstarticlemadecommenceonHawthorne’sworksontheNewEnglandjournal.In1932，RandallStuarteditedandpublishedHawthorne’sAmericandiary，thispushedtheresearchofHawthornetoahigherclimax.Atthattime，theresearchbegantoinvolveHawthorne’sbeautytheoryandpoliticalpoint.In1976，Americanestablished“researchinstituteofHawthorne”especially，payattentiontoHawthorne’sromanceprinciple.SomehavesuggestedthatTheScarletLetterisfartoodescriptive，tothepointthatthewordsloosemeaning，andthereaderisdesensitizedtothemessagethattheauthoristryingtoconvey.Thisalsocausesthebooktolosepace，andturnoffreaderstoreadingHawthorne’sworkentirely.Whichissomewhatapity，consideringHawthornewasquitetheauthorinwritingshortstories，andpoems.Perhapshefeltheneedtowriteabookonthesubjectbecauseitwaspersonal，however，manyfeelitisashortstorywiththelengthandpaceofagreattome.Hawthorne’sworksreallyaregood，butsomedidfindthatthisbookdidusetoomanywordswhenjust1or2wouldhavebeensufficient.Methinksthat’smorearesultofromanticstylethanitishisindividualwordchoice.Theexcessofwordscanbefoundinotherbooksofthatera，likeFrankenstein(particularlyPercy’sedit)--MaskedSheik，6January2007(UTC).Contrarytowhatsomebelieve，thisisagoodbook，Ithinkitisfineinthemethodsofdescriptions，thoughIwillagreethatattimesyoudogetboredwithit.Thenagain，everybookhasit’slessinterestingparts.Ifyouliketofigureoutsymbolismoryouliketoseehowpeoplereactincertainsituations，psychology，itisinteresting.Oryoumightreaditduetothesimplefactthatitisrequiredforschool.Irrelevantofwhetheryouguysthinkthatthisbookisgoodornot，thecriticismsectionneedsreferences.Perhapsincludingarticlesofliterarycritics，orsomeotherdocumentedcriticismofthenovel，Justsaying“thisisagoodbook”doesn’tnegatetheneedforsuchasection，andsaying“Somehavesuggested”isborderingonweaselwords.Let’suseactualcitations，notourownopinions.AlthoughIpersonallyagreethatthisbooksucks，Iagreewiththecommentabove.Ifthearticlecontainsanyopinions(whichisdebatablewhetheritshould)，theymustbebalanced，andbefromcrediblesources.(Wikipedia：Describingpointsofview).MostreviewersgaveHawthorne’snovelhighpraiseatthetimeofitspublication.EvertA.Duyckinck，oneofthemostinfluentialcriticsofhisday，calledthetalea“psychological
romance”，astudyofcharacterinwhichthehumanheartisanatomized，carefully，elaborately，andwithstrikingpoeticanddramaticpower.HealsopraisedHawthorne’sdeparturefromtheoverlyornatewritingstylepopularatthetime，whichdisplayed“artificeandeffortattheexpenseofnatureandease.”Duyckinck’sreviewwassupportedbymostwesternscholars.(Wikipedia：Neutralpointofview)
拟研究的主要内容和思路TheScarletLetterisregardedasthefirstsymbolismnovelinAmericanliterature.Wecanfindsymbolismthroughoutthewholenovelandhavevarietiesmeaning，suchasthesymbolof“A”，thesymbolofthecharacter’sname，thesymbolofdifferentscenes，onlybyanalyzingthosesymbolismindetail，canwehaveaoverallsenseofthethemeandgetabetterunderstandingofsymbolism.Thisthesismainlyinvolvesfollowingtopics：1.IntroductiononHawthorneandTheScarletletter.1.1IntroductiononHawthorne.1.2IntroductiononTheScarletletter.1.3IntroductiononTheThemeofTheScarletLetter.2.IntroductiononSymbolism.2.1DefinitionofSymbolism.2.2CharacteristicsofSymbolism.2.2.1Polysemy2.2.2Uncertainty3.TheUsageofSymbolisminTheScarletLetter.3.1TheSymbolof“A”.3.1.1“A”standsfor“adultery”3.1.2“A”standsfor“alienation”3.1.3“A”standsfor“able”3.1.4“A”standsfor“angel”3.2TheSymboloftheCharacters.3.2.1HesterPrynne3.2.2ArthurDimmsdale3.2.3RogerChillingworth3.2.4Pearl3.3TheSymboloftheScenes.3.3.1Thescaffold3.3.2Thejailandthetomb3.3.3Thevalley4.Conclusion
研究的创新点及重、难点ThisthesislaystheemphasisonanalyzingsymbolismusedinTheScarletLetter.Asweallknown，TheScarletLetterisregardedasthefirstsymbolismnovelintheAmericanliterature，therearevarietiesofsymbolisminthestory，suchasthesymbolof“A”，thesymbolofthecharactersname，thesymbolofdifferentscenes.AmongThem，itisdifficulttounderstandthesymbolof“A”，because“A”variesconstantlywiththedevelopmentoftheplot，andtheyareoftenemergedinthecriticalperiodoftheplot’sdevelopment.Besides，thisthesisisontheuniquepositiontorevealthesymbolismofthescenes，whichisveryinnovative.Throughoutthewholenovel，therearedifferentscenes，carryingdifferentmeanings，thoughtheyhaveprofoundsymbolism，theyrarelybediscussed.Thisthesistryingtomakeupfortheshortageinthisaspect.
研究进程安排December20-January16：January17-February28：March7-March27：March28-April10：April11-May8：posingquestionsoftheresearchandcollectingmaterialsanalyzingthematerialsandwritinganoutlinecompletingthefirstdraftandseekingthesupervisor’sadvicerefiningthepaperaccordingtosupervisor’ssuggestionsfinalizingthethesisbasedonthesetrequirements
主要参考文献[1]Brown，Gillian.“Hawthorne，Inheritance，andWomen’sProperty”，StudiesintheNovel23.1(Spring1991)：107-18[2]Brodhead，RichardH.Hawthorne，Melville，andtheNovel.ChicagoandLondon：TheUniversityofChicagoPress，1973[3]ChangYaoXin.ed.ASurveyofAmericanLiterature[M].NanKaiUniversityPress.1990[4]GeorgeMcMichael，ed.1985，ConciseAnthologyofAmericanliterature(SecondEdition)[M].MaemillanPublishingCompanyNewYork，181.[5]Perry，R.B.PuritanismandDemocracy[M].NewYork：VanguardPress.1944.[6]霍桑.霍桑作品集——红字[M].周晓贤，邓延远译，杭州：浙江文艺出版社，1995[7]霍桑.红字[M].熊玉鹏，贾文渊，贾文浩译，太原：北岳文艺出版，2000[8]李儒寿.《红字》女主人公海丝特·白兰性格特征探析.武汉大学学报(人文科学版)，2005
[9]任晓晋，魏玲.《红字》中象征与原型的模糊性、多义性和矛盾性.外国文学研究，2000
其他说明
指导教师意见
指导教师签名：2012年指导教师小组意见月日
1 Introduction
The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).
DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
On Foreignization and Domestication of Cultural Factors in Translation (浅谈翻译中文化因素的异化和归化)
On Treatment of Cultural Factors in Translation (翻译中文化差异的处理方法)
On English Translation of Public Signs in Chinese (汉英公示语的翻译)
On Translation of English Names of Commendation (英语商品名称的翻译)
The relationship between Cultural Difference and Translation Skill 中英文化差异与翻译技巧
An Approach to the Translation of Poetic Image诗歌翻译的意象问题探讨
A Study of the Chinese Version of Titles of English Films英语电影片名汉译研究
A Study of the Chinese Version of Titles of English Novels英语小说题目的汉译问题
A Comparative Study of the English Version of the Poem “ Untitled “ by Li Shangyin李商隐的诗〈无题〉的英译比较研究
Foreignization and Translation of Idioms
On Culture Translation under Foreignization
On Faithfulness in Translation
On Fidelity and Expressiveness in Translation
Interpreting and Interpreting Skills
On Literal Translation and Free Translation
The Comparison and Translation of Chinese and English Idioms
Equivalence and its Application in Translation
Cultural Equivalence in Translation
Learning a Foreign Language Through Translation
Arts in Verse Translation
A Comparative Study of Two English Version of Hong Lou Meng
On Translating the Passive Voice
On the Translation of English Long Sentences
The Social and Cultural Factors in Translation Practice
The Application of Functional Equivalence in English and Chinese Cross-cultural Translation
Exploring English-Chinese Audiovisual Translation
On Chinese Translation of Journalistic English
On the Criteria of Interpretation
On the Unit of Translation
The Cultural Differences and Arts of Translation in Advertising Language
On Transformation between Parts of Speech in E-C Translation
Exploring Substitution and Ellipsis in Translation
On English Proverbs Translation
On the Criteria of Translation
The Analysis of Translation Style
Cultural Differences and Translation Strategies
Translation and Foreign Language Yeaching
Chinglish in C-E Yranslation
A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Allusions and their Translation
English Neologisms in Newspaper and their Translation
On Translation of Humor in Pride and Prejudice
On Features of Journalistic English and its Translation
Cultural Discrepancies and their Influences on Translation
English and Chinese Translation Song lyrics
Translation of Address Term between English and Chinese
On the Importance of Context in Translation
On the Translation of English Pun into Chinese
The Role of Dictionary in Translation
Thought Pattern and its Influence on Translation
Lexical Characteristics of Legal English and Legal Lexicon Translation
Features of Foreign Trade English and its Translation Model
On Euphemism Translation
Translation of Metaphor from English into Chinese
Features of Tourism English and its Translation
翻译中的文化因素
影视字幕翻译的原则
影响长句翻译的因素
例析英译汉中形象语言的处理
生活中广告英语的翻译特色
对翻译原则“以信为本，求真求美”的思考
翻译中的中国英语与中国式英语
南昌旅游景点中英翻译错误及纠错对策
背景知识在口、笔译中所扮演的角色
分析商务英语翻译的不对等性
英美文学
The Gift of Magi and Consumensm
A Brief Comment on An American Tragedy
An Analysis of the Source of Dichson's Death Poems
On The Call of the World
Love Tragedy and War—An Analysis of A Farewell to Arms
Sister Carrie and Jennie Gerhardt
The Evil of Mankind Portayed in Moby Dick
On Henry Heming in The Red Badge of Courage
Emily Dickingson and her Poems
Analysis of A Rose of Emily
The Aesthetic Interpretation of Ezra Pound's Poetry
Symbolism in The Great Gatsby
an Analysis of the theme of adventures of Huckleberry Finn
On the symbolism of The Old Men and the Sea
Some English Learner’ image of America(survey and study)
Influence of the Bible on English Literature
Deviation and Foregrounding in … (using literary works for a case study)
The Language of Shakespeare’s Sonnets， or of any particular literary works
Cultural Shocks in the English Language Textbooks
Deep Love And Deep Hate—A Brief Analysis On Wuthering Heights
Psychological Descriptions In Hemingway’s The Snows Of Kilimajaro
On Ernest Hemingway And His Novel The Sun Also Rises
Difference Between China And The West Reflected In Social Manners
鸟的赞歌--------评英国浪漫派诗歌
《呼啸山庄》的悲剧分析
海明威英汉形象和冰山风格
《名利场》的现实意义
苔丝的形象分析
哈姆雷特的犹豫再探讨
爱伦坡小说的艺术创作成就
爱伦坡小说人物塑造
O Neill剧作对美国戏剧的影响
华兹华斯的语言风格
华兹华斯的自然观
诗人哈代
简述哈代的悲剧性叙事艺术On Hardy's tragedy narrative art
奥斯丁与勃朗特写作风格异同The comparison between Austen and Bronte in writing style
杰克·伦敦(或某作家)《》(某作品)评述On Farewell to Arms of Hemingway
浅析《失乐园》中撒旦的形象塑造
《还乡》的悲剧艺术特色
蓓基形象再解读
蘩漪与伯莎梅森的比较研究
爱玛形象的魅力
海明威研究——浅析海明威笔下的女硬汉子
《苔丝》的悲剧性与现代性 Tragedy and Modernity in Tess of D’Urbervilles
华兹华斯诗歌的和谐观 On the View of Harmony in Wordsworth’s Poetry
海明威小说的悲剧意识
从《老人与海》看海明威的创作特点
《红色英勇勋章》的叙述技巧分析
论《白鲸》的象征含义
论吴尔夫的《1间自己的房间》中的女权主义
论简。奥斯汀对《爱玛》主人公的塑造
《红字》中的象征
